Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardial sac which surrounds the myocardium (Carter & Brooks, 2005). When the pericardium becomes inflamed, the pericardial fluid increases between the two layers subsequently squeezing the heart and restricting its action (Swart & Tiffen, 2007). The presence of inflammatory cells, fibrin, and the accumulation of serous fluid can compromise cardiac function (Carter & Brooks). With the progression of pericarditis, chronic inflammation results and thickening and calcification of the pericardium occurs.
Signs and symptoms of pericarditis vary from patient to patient but often include chest pain that is pleuritic in nature that worsens when lying down, and pericardial friction rub (Merck, 2006). Some patients may experience dyspnea, and EKG changes are present in most patients with pericarditis. Pericarditis may result from infection, autoimmune, and inflammatory disorders. It most commonly occurs from infection, viral in nature. Pericarditis can be acute, or chronic in nature.
Diagnosis of pericarditis is usually determined through EKG (Merck, 2006). Laboratory tests are generally used to rule out differential diagnoses. EKG changes include diffuse ST segment elevation without Q waves (McCance & Huether, 2006). Treatment of pericarditis usually includes pain management with non steroidal anti inflammatories (Carter & Brooks, 2005). The etiology of pericarditis should be determined prior to treatment with antibiotics. If cardiac tamponade develops, pericardiocentesis or pericardial window may be necessary. Pericarditis recurs in 15-32% of patients, eliminating the cause is the most successful form of treatment.
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